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HPMC Capsule Dissolution Time Explained
Content
I. Basic Dissolution Process
●Initiation in the Stomach (10-15 minutes)
Upon contact with gastric juices, the HPMC outer shell slowly softens into a gel, approximately 5 minutes slower than gelatin capsules.
The medication is released gradually, avoiding sudden stomach irritation, making it suitable for people with sensitive stomachs.
●Intestinal Decomposition (1-2 hours)
Once in the intestines, the gel layer is broken down by enzymes, releasing the medication completely.
If designed as an enteric-coated capsule (to prevent stomach acid degradation), disintegration will be delayed until the intestines.
II. Key Factors Affecting Dissolution Speed
| Factor | Impact on Dissolution Time |
|---|---|
| Empty vs. Full Stomach | • Empty stomach: Dissolves faster (within 30 minutes) |
| • Full stomach: Slows to 1+ hours (food delays gastric emptying) | |
| Individual Physiology | • High stomach acidity: Speeds up dissolution |
| • Elderly/digestive issues: May take slightly longer | |
| Capsule Thickness | • Standard shells: ~15 minutes in stomach |
| • Enteric-coated shells: Delayed release (2+ hours until intestines) | |
| Drug Formulation | • Powders/granules: Release faster |
| • Oily liquids: Slower diffusion through gel layer | |
| Temperature¹ | • Body heat (37°C): Normal dissolution |
III. Comparison with Gelatin Capsules
●Gelatin Capsules:
Dissolves rapidly in stomach acid within 5-10 minutes, suitable for emergency medications.
However, they are prone to sticking together at high temperatures, and may soften prematurely within the packaging in summer.
●HPMC Capsules:
Highly acid-resistant, dissolves gently in the stomach, and protects sensitive ingredients (such as probiotics).
Not temperature-dependent, stable under refrigeration or extreme heat.
IV. Precautions for Use
●Use with caution with strong acid medications: Contents with a pH <2.5 (such as citric acid) may corrode the capsules, causing premature breakage.
●Do not forcibly open the shell to take the medication: Pouring out the powder will compromise the enteric/sustain-release design and may result in contamination from shell residue.
